The ancient capital of Spain, known as the " City of Three Cultures" reflecting its Jewish, Muslim and Christian past, in fact this city was was well established before it was conquered by the Romans in 192 BC. Later the city served as capital of the Visigothic kingdom from the middle of the 6th century until its capture by the Moors in 712. Under Moorish rule, Toledo attained cultural and economic preeminence. In 1085, Alfonso VI reconquered the city from the Moors and shortly after Toledo became the capital of Castile . Christian, Muslim, and Jewish cultures blended in medieval Toledo making it a model of co-existence, and aided in the transmission of classical learning to western Europe. During the 16th century Toledo was the capital of united Spain , but in 1561 Felipe II moved the court to Madrid and the city began to decline. The city was a battleground during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14), the Peninsular War (1808-14), and the Spanish Civil War (1936) when the Alcazar was defended by the Nationalist forces.
Today the city retains its quintessential Medieval charcter with a maze of narrow streets built on steep bluffs above the river and dominated by the Alcázar (fortress). The city's principal attractions are the Gothic cathedral, the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes, and the Alcazar. Also of historic significance are several medieval churches, mosques and synagogues, several bridges over the Tagus River and a variety of fortified gateways from the 10th to 16th centuries, as well as the city's medieval walls. Its museums and churches contain paintings by El Greco, Velázquez, Murillo, and other Spanish masters.
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